Unit 3: Excretion, Nervous System & Reproduction

February 16, 2026

Semester 1
BP106RBT

Introduction to Excretion, Nervous System & Reproduction

Unit 3 continues the exploration of Human Physiology. It covers the waste disposal system (Excretion), the control center (Brain & Nerves), the chemical messengers (Hormones), and the process of creating life (Reproduction). Understanding the Nervous and Endocrine systems is particularly important for understanding how drugs modulate body functions.
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Syllabus & Topics

  • 1Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion
  • 2Human excretory system: structure and function, Urine formation
  • 3Rennin angiotensin system
  • 4Neural control and coordination: Structure of neuron, Nerve impulse generation
  • 5Structure and function of Brain and Spinal cord
  • 6Chemical coordination: Endocrine glands and their secretions
  • 7Human reproduction: Male and Female reproductive systems
  • 8Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis, and Menstrual cycle

Learning Objectives

Describe the mechanism of urine formation.
Draw and label the structure of a multicolar neuron.
List major endocrine glands and their hormones.
Explain the phases of the menstrual cycle.
Understand the generation and conduction of nerve impulses.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1. What produces Urine?

Urine is produced by the nephrons in the kidneys through three main steps: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.

Q2. Structure of a Neuron?

A neuron consists of a cell body (soma), dendrites (which receive signals), and an axon (which transmits signals). The axon is often covered by a myelin sheath to speed up nerve impulse conduction.

Q3. Function of Pituitary Gland?

The pituitary gland is known as the “master gland”. It secretes hormones such as GH, TSH, and ACTH, which regulate other endocrine glands and various body functions.

Q4. Difference between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis?

  • Spermatogenesis: Formation of sperm in males; it is a continuous process.

  • Oogenesis: Formation of ova (eggs) in females; it is cyclical and stops at menopause.

Q5. What is RAAS?

The Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System (RAAS) regulates blood pressure and fluid balance by causing vasoconstriction and sodium retention.